Yingying Huang |
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The cover quotes Confucius: "The Master said, listen widely, select the good, and follow their ways." 子曰多聞擇其善者而從之. The editor signs "philanthropist" or "the one with universal love" 博愛者. In the foreword, Milne writes, anyone keen to learn must “diligently consult every one from all places and all times” 勤問及萬世萬處萬人. It both states the principle of the magazine and serves as an exhortation to the self-complacent Chinese readers.
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1815-1821
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First Chinese newspaper of translated articles 譯報. Purpose: to obtain information about the West (Barbarians, 夷情) Content: opium trade, military affairs, etc. Attitude: antagonistic, militant; not yet "learning the advanced skills of the barbarians to conquer the barbarians" 師夷長技以制夷 Readership: internal circulation, not targeting the public Status: Lin's translation of foreign newspapers displayed an awareness ahead of the mainstream consciousness of his time. Many primary officials still viewed learning about the foreign as despicable, and translation was despised on and alienated. 琦善继,有探報洋情者,則拒曰:我不似林總督,以天朝大吏,終日刺探外洋情事。 林则徐在译抄《澳门新闻纸》的基础上,又选择其中的部分内容,分类、加工、润色,编辑为《澳门月报》5辑,有《论中国》、《论茶叶》、《论用兵》、《论各国夷情》等题,后来被魏源收入《海国图志》中,署名“林则徐译”。 林还令人将1836年英国出版的曾任东印度公司长住广州的“大班”德庇时 (Davis,Sir John Francis) 所著《中国人》译成中文,名为《华事夷言》(537-544) |
1839-1840
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1853-1856
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First issue, 1853/8/1. Source: Hong Kong Public Libraries
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卓南生:1872年5月4日出版的《香港中外新报》,共有四页:“第一页:全版为‘香港目下棉纱花疋头染货行情沽出货’,即商业行情的新闻。第二页:右上角为‘本馆谨启’(即‘本报启事’),‘选录上海新报’、‘选录京报’。第三页:除了续未完的‘选录京报’之外,尽是广告。实际上,在该页的上面,就写着‘往来商船’,可见该页(版)的内容是以‘来往商船’的商船广告为主。第四页:上面写明为‘各款杂录’,即杂录各式各样的广告。”(《中国最早华文日报新史料的发现与研究》,93)
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1858
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1861-1895
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1868-1874
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Extensive translations of foreign articles, and responses to those articles
The 本館告白 in the first issue explains that it imitated the 華字日報 in Hong Kong: "向見香港唐字新聞體例甚善今仿其意設於上洋" |
1872-1949
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1882. The columns "Domestic and International News" 中外新聞 and "Announcement" 告白 introduced Western politics and economy, aiming at ridding Chinese people's conservative and complacent 甘坐因循, 罔知遠大 attitudes.
Layout: 首栏选录京报,次栏为羊城新闻,最后一栏为中外新闻,每日报首有论说一篇,多出自王韬之手。 在循环日报创刊之前,已经有两家中文日报在香港流行,一份是英文《德臣西报》中文版《华字日报》,创刊于1872年;一份是《孖剌日报》的中文版《中外新报》,创刊于1858年,初为双日报,1873年改为日报。《循环日报》和《华字日报》为争夺订户,都各自标榜为“第一份中文日报”,为此《循环日报》特发表声明:“本印馆所有资本均出自我华人与各家新报馆有别” Available online (1874/5/16-8/10, 1880/2/14-1886/1/30): _ 《循環日報六十週年紀念特刊》available online: http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/34862933 |
1874-1947
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1874
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Rong Hong (Yung Wing) 容閎 (1828-1912), first Chinese student to graduate from a United States university (Yale College in 1854). Helped to purchase machinery from the US for the opening of the arsenal, Jiangnan Shipyard 江南造船廠. Proposed and organized the first study-abroad program, the Chinese Educational Mission, which included 120 young Chinese students, to study in the US in 1872. Zhan Tianyou (Jeme Tien Yow) 詹天佑 were among the students. Wrote My Life in China and America 西學東漸記 (1909).
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《西国近事》于清同治十二年(1873年)三月创办,由江南制造总局美籍翻译金楷理口译,“秉笔华士”姚棻笔述当时各外文报刊所载最新要闻若干条,印送清廷在上海的有关官绅阅看。清光绪元年正月(1875年2月),江南制造总局总办冯焌光补授上海道台,《西国近事》在他的支持下扩大了发行范围,每5天出版一期,每期约印3~500份,每月(或每季)汇编成册,名为《西国近事汇编》。第二年《新报》馆开办后,《西国近事》报已可公开订阅,成为专载新闻的报纸,类似现代的文摘报,编辑体例被康有为办的《中外纪闻》所仿效。《西国近事》及其汇编成册的期刊,以林乐知口译、蔡锡龄笔述的时间最长,达6年之久。光绪八年(1882年)后完全由中国人自译自撰,不再有外籍人士参与。清光绪二十五年(1899年)《西国近事》停刊
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1874-1882
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Account of Sea Voyages (ca. 1820).
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Xie Qinggao 謝清高 (ca. 1765-1821), first Chinese to open his eyes to see and write about the industrialized Western world.
The impact of that world-changing industrialization is not fully felt, when Xie takes note of the new inventions just as if they were nothing different from other exquisite playthings. The steam boats (called “fire boats” 火輪船 by the Chinese) in the US, he comments, are “ingeniously structured,” and most Atlantic [nations] including America are good at such “excessively [i. e. unnecessarily] wondrous craftsmanship” (qi ji yin qiao 奇技淫巧; 264). This comment smacks of the arrogance of Emperor Qianlong’s 乾隆 court in 1793, when Lord Macartney’s great collection of inventions exemplifying the advanced technology of an industrialized West failed to impress the Chinese men in power. To the English army Xie pays particular attention. The troops, Xie observes, are highly disciplined, but they do not have any other skills than firing rifles consecutively 唯以連環槍為主無他技能也 (251). This easy dismissal would sound like sarcasm two decades later, when the English beat the Chinese by nothing other than firing their rifles and canons. |
1880s, China Asleep debate |
Revolutionary Hong Kong in the 1880s and 1890s |
Sir Kai Ho 何啟 (1859–1914), wrote extensively in Hong Kong's English Language papers on reforms. He wrote the most detailed and important critique of Zeng's article under the pseudonym Sinensis & "offered a blueprint for renovating the Chinese polity by focusing on transparent and equitable political institutions and education, rather than on imported technical equipment" (Wagner 66).
Sinensis, "Letter to the Editor of the China Mail," prefaced by a short introduction to Zeng Jize's article "China: The Sleep and Awakening," The China Mail, no. 7335, Feb 16 1887, 2-3. Anon. (He Qi), "Shu Zeng Gonghou Zhongguo xian shui hou xing lun hou" 書曾襲侯中國先睡後 興論後 [Written after reading Marquis Zeng’s ‘China: The Sleep and the Awaken- ing’], translated by Hu Liyuan 胡禮垣 (1848-1916), Huazi ribao 華字日報 (香港), 11 May, 1887. |
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In 1894, Sun Yat-sen 孫中山 (1866-1925) wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang (《上李鴻章書》) presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience.
Founded Revive China Society on 24 November 1894 in Hawaii. After the abortive First Guangzhou uprising organised by the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society in 1895, Sun Yat-sen and Yeung Kui-wan were forced to leave China and Hong Kong, respectively. Founded the Tongmenghui 同盟會 with Song Jiaoren in Tokyo in 1905. |
The Four Bandits 四大寇, Sun Yat-sen, Yeung Hok-ling 楊鶴齡, Chan Siu-bak 陳少白, Yau Lit 尢列, and Guan Jingliang 關景良 at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.
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“For men like Ho Kai or Tse Tsan Tai, Hong Kong and the treaty ports offered an excellent environment conducive to translingual and transcultural information and opinion exchange, as well as public articulation. Not only were the major journals, papers and books from the West available here, the local English language press, and eventually much of the Chinese language reform press, saw it as their duty to keep their readers abreast of important international discussion and information. This was done through weekly detailed summaries of the contents of important journals and newspaper editorials, as well as discussions in the emerging Chinese language press and memorials from the Peking Gazette. These were a part of the regular content of these papers. Some, such as the London and China Express, focused almost entirely on gathering opinion and information related to China and its interaction with Britain from the most diverse Western sources” (Wagner 67)
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1895
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Yan Fu 嚴復 (1854-1921), studied at the Western school, Fujian Arsenal Academy 福州船政學堂 in Fuzhou, 1867-1871.
March 1877 - June 1879, studied at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, England. 1879, taught at Fujian Arsenal Academy 1880, instructor 洋文正教習 at Beiyang Naval Officers' School 北洋水師學堂 at Tianjin; succumbed to opium addiction Translations 1898-1909 (from Wikipedia):
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1895
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1896
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1896
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1897
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1907
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